arXiv6/25/2026
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Generative Models on Analog Hardware with Dynamics
Analog hardware platforms such as coupled oscillators and Analog Ising Machines naturally solve differential equations at a fraction of the energy cost of digital computation, making them attractive for low-power generative modeling, yet a fundamental mismatch exists: modern generative models assume flexible, software-defined dynamics, whereas analog hardware imposes fixed, physics-determined differential equations with limited approximation capacity. This paper introduces Analog Interaction Systems (AIS), a unified framework for hardware-implementable dynamical systems, and empirically characterizes their expressivity gap relative to neural network baselines. Two hardware-compatible mechanisms are proposed to narrow this gap - time-varying piecewise parameters and hidden physical states - and a Wasserstein GAN training procedure is developed to enable training of these models without requiring them to follow a specific trajectory. Authors: Yu-Neng Wang, Sara Achour.
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Read this for the paper's specific claim in Research Papers: Analog hardware platforms such as coupled oscillators and Analog Ising Machines naturally solve differential equations at a fraction of the energy cost of digital computation, making them attractive for low-power generative modeling, yet a fundamental mismatch exists: modern generative models assume flexible, software-defined dynamics, whereas analog hardware imposes fixed, physics-determined differential equations with limited approximation capacity.